Papal States / Papa Alexander Tertius (Pope Alexander III)

Pope Alexander III, born Roland of Siena, was Pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181.

Through the Papal bull Manifestis Probatum, issued on 23 May 1179, he recognized the right of Afonso I to proclaim himself King of Portugal, thus recognizing Portugal as an independent and sovereign Kingdom. He also laid the foundation stone for the Notre-Dame de Paris.