One Cent (Copper), Coin Type from North Borneo - detailed information

The Coat of Arms of the British North Borneo Chartered Company; on a shield, a lion above a dhow (native boat) with sails; the shield is supported by two native warriors, one holding a shield, the other a large native sword or machete; the crest, two arms holding a flag staff; below on ribbon the motto PERGO ET PERAGO (translation: I undertake and I achieve); below, the date; the mint mark (H for The Mint Birmingham Limited, known as Ralph Heaton and Sons Limited before 1879) is above the date.

Within a wreath of two olive branches, ONE CENT; above and below the denomination it is repeated vertically in Chinese characters: 洋元一分 ("yang yuan yat fen", or "foreign dollar one cent"); below the wreath the denomination in Malay: ساتو سين ("satu sen", or "one cent" in Jawi script); around above, BRITISH NORTH BORNEO Co.

Krause lists these coins as bronze. However, "The Coins of Malaysia" (1969) by Kevin Kavanagh and "The Encyclopaedia of the Coins of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, 1400-1967" (1986) by Singh Saran list them as made of copper.

References to additional information:

[Book] Atkins, James. 1889. The Coins and Tokens of the Possessions and Colonies of the British Empire. p 231.
[Book] Kavanagh, Kevin F. 1969. The Coins of Malaysia, pp 61-64.
[Book] Remick, Jerome. 1971. The Guide Book and Catalogue of British Commonwealth Coins, pp 82-85.
[Book] Saran, Singh. The Encyclopaedia of the Coins of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, 1400-1967. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysia Numismatic Society, 1986. pp 373-411.